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파드

파드(Pod) 는 쿠버네티스에서 생성하고 관리할 수 있는 배포 가능한 가장 작은 컴퓨팅 단위이다.

파드 (고래 떼(pod of whales)나 콩꼬투리(pea pod)와 마찬가지로)는 하나 이상의 컨테이너의 그룹이다. 이 그룹은 스토리지 및 네트워크를 공유하고, 해당 컨테이너를 구동하는 방식에 대한 명세를 갖는다. 파드의 콘텐츠는 항상 함께 배치되고, 함께 스케줄되며, 공유 콘텍스트에서 실행된다. 파드는 애플리케이션 별 "논리 호스트"를 모델링한다. 여기에는 상대적으로 밀접하게 결합된 하나 이상의 애플리케이션 컨테이너가 포함된다. 클라우드가 아닌 콘텍스트에서, 동일한 물리 또는 가상 머신에서 실행되는 애플리케이션은 동일한 논리 호스트에서 실행되는 클라우드 애플리케이션과 비슷하다.

애플리케이션 컨테이너와 마찬가지로, 파드에는 파드 시작 중에 실행되는 초기화 컨테이너가 포함될 수 있다. 클러스터가 제공하는 경우, 디버깅을 위해 임시 컨테이너를 삽입할 수도 있다.

 

파드란 무엇인가?

참고 : 도커가 가장 일반적으로 잘 알려진 컨테이너 런타임이지만, 쿠버네티스는 도커 외에도 다양한 컨테이너 런타임을 지원하며, 파드를 설명할 때 도커 관련 용어를 사용하면 더 쉽게 설명할 수 있다.

파드의 공유 콘텍스트는 리눅스 네임스페이스, 컨트롤 그룹(cgroup) 및 도커 컨테이너를 격리하는 것과 같이 잠재적으로 다른 격리 요소들이다. 파드의 콘텍스트 내에서 개별 애플리케이션은 추가적으로 하위 격리가 적용된다.

도커 개념 측면에서, 파드는 공유 네임스페이스와 공유 파일시스템 볼륨이 있는 도커 컨테이너 그룹과 비슷하다

 

 

 

 

Pod 생성 및 실행

# Pod 생성 및 실행
master@master:~$ kubectl run jinsunginx --image nginx --restart Never           
pod/jinsunginx created
master@master:~$

 

 

Pod 실행 상태 확인

# Pod 실행 상태 확인
master@master:~$ kubectl get pod jinsunginx
NAME         READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
jinsunginx   1/1     Running   0          52s
master@master:~$

 

 

Pod YAML 정의서 상세내용 확인

# Pod YAML 정의서 상세확인
master@master:~$ kubectl get pod jinsunginx -o yaml       
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
​​creationTimestamp: "2022-08-07T04:51:41Z"
​​labels:
​​​​run: jinsunginx
​​name: jinsunginx
​​namespace: default
​​resourceVersion: "1035"
​​selfLink: /api/v1/namespaces/default/pods/jinsunginx
​​uid: db8ef4a7-de65-421d-9b08-c835b8050eff
spec:
​​containers:
​​- image: nginx
​​​​imagePullPolicy: Always
​​​​name: jinsunginx
​​​​resources: {}
​​​​terminationMessagePath: /dev/termination-log
​​​​terminationMessagePolicy: File
​​​​volumeMounts:
​​​​- mountPath: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount
​​​​​​name: default-token-g8wm6
​​​​​​readOnly: true
​​dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
​​enableServiceLinks: true
​​nodeName: master
​​priority: 0
​​restartPolicy: Never
​​schedulerName: default-scheduler
​​securityContext: {}
​​serviceAccount: default
​​serviceAccountName: default
​​terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 30
​​tolerations:
​​- effect: NoExecute
​​​​key: node.kubernetes.io/not-ready
​​​​operator: Exists
​​​​tolerationSeconds: 300
​​- effect: NoExecute
​​​​key: node.kubernetes.io/unreachable
​​​​operator: Exists
​​​​tolerationSeconds: 300
​​volumes:
​​- name: default-token-g8wm6
​​​​secret:
​​​​​​defaultMode: 420
​​​​​​secretName: default-token-g8wm6
status:
​​conditions:
​​- lastProbeTime: null
​​​​lastTransitionTime: "2022-08-07T04:51:41Z"
​​​​status: "True"
​​​​type: Initialized
​​- lastProbeTime: null
​​​​lastTransitionTime: "2022-08-07T04:51:52Z"
​​​​status: "True"
​​​​type: Ready
​​- lastProbeTime: null
​​​​lastTransitionTime: "2022-08-07T04:51:52Z"
​​​​status: "True"
​​​​type: ContainersReady
​​- lastProbeTime: null
​​​​lastTransitionTime: "2022-08-07T04:51:41Z"
​​​​status: "True"
​​​​type: PodScheduled
​​containerStatuses:
​​- containerID: docker://f132455cc278b02f7ac431e962237eb7fa3e69537e63a4299dabf2f11f6b4e07
​​​​image: nginx:latest
​​​​imageID: docker-pullable://nginx@sha256:ecc068890de55a75f1a32cc8063e79f90f0b043d70c5fcf28f1713395a4b3d49
​​​​lastState: {}
​​​​name: jinsunginx
​​​​ready: true
​​​​restartCount: 0
​​​​started: true
​​​​state:
​​​​​​running:
​​​​​​​​startedAt: "2022-08-07T04:51:52Z"
​​hostIP: 192.168.0.201
​​phase: Running
​​podIP: 10.42.0.4
​​podIPs:
​​- ip: 10.42.0.4
​​qosClass: BestEffort
​​startTime: "2022-08-07T04:51:41Z"
master@master:~$

 

 

Pod 정보 확인

# Pod 정보 확인
master@master:~$ kubectl describe pod jinsunginx
Name:         jinsunginx
Namespace:    default
Priority:     0
Node:         master/192.168.0.201
Start Time:   Sun, 07 Aug 2022 04:51:41 +0000
Labels:       run=jinsunginx
Annotations:  <none>
Status:       Running
IP:           10.42.0.4
IPs:
​​IP:  10.42.0.4
Containers:
​​jinsunginx:
​​​​Container ID:   docker://f132455cc278b02f7ac431e962237eb7fa3e69537e63a4299dabf2f11f6b4e07
​​​​Image:          nginx
​​​​Image ID:       docker-pullable://nginx@sha256:ecc068890de55a75f1a32cc8063e79f90f0b043d70c5fcf28f1713395a4b3d49
​​​​Port:           <none>
​​​​Host Port:      <none>
​​​​State:          Running
​​​​​​Started:      Sun, 07 Aug 2022 04:51:52 +0000
​​​​Ready:          True
​​​​Restart Count:  0
​​​​Environment:    <none>
​​​​Mounts:
​​​​​​/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount from default-token-g8wm6 (ro)
Conditions:
​​Type              Status
​​Initialized       True 
​​Ready             True 
​​ContainersReady   True 
​​PodScheduled      True 
Volumes:
​​default-token-g8wm6:
​​​​Type:        Secret (a volume populated by a Secret)
​​​​SecretName:  default-token-g8wm6
​​​​Optional:    false
QoS Class:       BestEffort
Node-Selectors:  <none>
Tolerations:     node.kubernetes.io/not-ready:NoExecute for 300s
​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​node.kubernetes.io/unreachable:NoExecute for 300s
Events:
​​Type    Reason     Age        From               Message
​​----    ------     ----       ----               -------
​​Normal  Scheduled  <unknown>  default-scheduler  Successfully assigned default/jinsunginx to master
​​Normal  Pulling    9m7s       kubelet, master    Pulling image "nginx"
​​Normal  Pulled     8m57s      kubelet, master    Successfully pulled image "nginx"
​​Normal  Created    8m57s      kubelet, master    Created container jinsunginx
​​Normal  Started    8m57s      kubelet, master    Started container jinsunginx
master@master:~$

 

 

Pod 명령 내리기

# Pod 명령 내리기
master@master:~$ kubectl exec jinsunginx -- apt update

WARNING: apt does not have a stable CLI interface. Use with caution in scripts.

Get:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye InRelease [116 kB]
Get:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bullseye-security InRelease [48.4 kB]
Get:3 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates InRelease [44.1 kB]
Get:4 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/main amd64 Packages [8182 kB]
Get:5 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bullseye-security/main amd64 Packages [170 kB]
Get:6 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates/main amd64 Packages [2592 B]
Fetched 8563 kB in 1s (5924 kB/s)
Reading package lists...
Building dependency tree...
Reading state information...
All packages are up to date.
master@master:~$ 
master@master:~$ 
master@master:~$ kubectl exec jinsunginx -- apt install -y curl

WARNING: apt does not have a stable CLI interface. Use with caution in scripts.

Reading package lists...
Building dependency tree...
Reading state information...
curl is already the newest version (7.74.0-1.3+deb11u2).
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
master@master:~$

 

 

Pod logs 확인 

# Pod 로그 확인
master@master:~$ kubectl logs jinsunginx
/docker-entrypoint.sh: /docker-entrypoint.d/ is not empty, will attempt to perform configuration
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Looking for shell scripts in /docker-entrypoint.d/
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Launching /docker-entrypoint.d/10-listen-on-ipv6-by-default.sh
10-listen-on-ipv6-by-default.sh: info: Getting the checksum of /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
10-listen-on-ipv6-by-default.sh: info: Enabled listen on IPv6 in /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Launching /docker-entrypoint.d/20-envsubst-on-templates.sh
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Launching /docker-entrypoint.d/30-tune-worker-processes.sh
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Configuration complete; ready for start up
2022/08/07 04:51:52 [notice] 1#1: using the "epoll" event method
2022/08/07 04:51:52 [notice] 1#1: nginx/1.23.1
2022/08/07 04:51:52 [notice] 1#1: built by gcc 10.2.1 20210110 (Debian 10.2.1-6) 
2022/08/07 04:51:52 [notice] 1#1: OS: Linux 4.15.0-189-generic
2022/08/07 04:51:52 [notice] 1#1: getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE): 1048576:1048576
2022/08/07 04:51:52 [notice] 1#1: start worker processes
2022/08/07 04:51:52 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 31
2022/08/07 04:51:52 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 32
2022/08/07 04:51:52 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 33
2022/08/07 04:51:52 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 34
127.0.0.1 - - [07/Aug/2022:05:11:16 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 615 "-" "Wget/1.21" "-"
master@master:~$

 

 

Pod 파일 이동 복사

# 로컬에서 Pod로 파일 이동 및 복사
master@master:~$ kubectl cp ~/.bashrc jinsunginx:/.
master@master:~$ 
master@master:~$ kubectl exec jinsunginx -- cat /.bashrc
# ~/.bashrc: executed by bash(1) for non-login shells.
# see /usr/share/doc/bash/examples/startup-files (in the package bash-doc)
# for examples

# If not running interactively, don't do anything
case $- in
​​​​*i*) ;;
​​​​​​*) return;;
esac

# don't put duplicate lines or lines starting with space in the history.
# See bash(1) for more options
HISTCONTROL=ignoreboth
...

 

 

Pod 값 수정

# Pod를 수정
master@master:~$ kubectl edit pod jinsunginx
# Please edit the object below. Lines beginning with a '#' will be ignored,
# and an empty file will abort the edit. If an error occurs while saving this file will be
# reopened with the relevant failures.
#
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
​​creationTimestamp: "2022-08-07T04:51:41Z"
​​labels:
​​​​run: jinsunginx
​​name: jinsunginx
​​namespace: default
​​resourceVersion: "1035"
​​selfLink: /api/v1/namespaces/default/pods/jinsunginx
​​uid: db8ef4a7-de65-421d-9b08-c835b8050eff
spec:
​​containers:
​​- image: nginx
​​​​imagePullPolicy: Always
​​​​name: jinsunginx
​​​​resources: {}
​​​​terminationMessagePath: /dev/termination-log
​​​​terminationMessagePolicy: File
​​​​volumeMounts:
​​​​- mountPath: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount
​​​​​​name: default-token-g8wm6
​​​​​​readOnly: true
​​dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
​​enableServiceLinks: true
​​nodeName: master
​​priority: 0
​​restartPolicy: Never
​​schedulerName: default-scheduler
​​securityContext: {}
​​serviceAccount: default
​​serviceAccountName: default
​​terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 30
​​tolerations:
​​- effect: NoExecute
​​​​key: node.kubernetes.io/not-ready
​​​​operator: Exists
​​​​tolerationSeconds: 300
​​- effect: NoExecute
​​​​key: node.kubernetes.io/unreachable
​​​​operator: Exists
​​​​tolerationSeconds: 300
​​volumes:
​​- name: default-token-g8wm6
​​​​secret:
​​​​​​defaultMode: 420
​​​​​​secretName: default-token-g8wm6

 

 

Pod 삭제

# 생성한 Pod 삭제하기
master@master:~$ kubectl delete pod jinsunginx
pod "jinsunginx" deleted

master@master:~$

 

 

생성된 Pod 변경(수정)

# 변경하고 싶은 Pod를 수정
master@master:~$  kubectl edit pods webapp-color

# 수정하고나면 에러로그 발생
error: pods "webapp-color" is invalid
A copy of your changes has been stored to "/tmp/kubectl-edit-3440084507.yaml"
error: Edit cancelled, no valid changes were saved.

# 해당 Pod의 yaml파일을 replace 해주면 됩니다.
master@master:~$  kubectl replace --force -f /tmp/kubectl-edit-3440084507.yaml
pod "webapp-color" deleted
pod/webapp-color replaced

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

참고자료

https://kubernetes.io/ko/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/

 

 

 

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